military, and the Kremlin delayed introduction. Objections from others in the State Department, the U.S. Smith, as head of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, proposed direct communication links between Moscow and Washington. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, and buttonholed the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev during a U.S. In addition, Parade editor Jess Gorkin personally badgered 1960 presidential candidates John F. Strangelove) with making governments more aware of the benefit of direct communication between the superpowers. Schelling credited the pop fiction novel Red Alert (the basis of the film Dr. Several people came up with the idea for a hotline, including Harvard professor Thomas Schelling, who had worked on nuclear war policy for the Defense Department previously. Since 2008, the Moscow–Washington hotline has been a secure computer link over which messages are exchanged by a secure form of email. The first implementation used Teletype equipment, and shifted to fax machines in 1986. Although in popular culture it is known as the " red telephone", the hotline was never a telephone line, and no red phones were used. This hotline was established in 1963 and links the Pentagon with the Kremlin (historically, with Soviet Communist Party leadership across the square from the Kremlin itself). Goryachaya liniya Vashington–Moskva) is a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of the United States and the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Union). The Moscow–Washington hotline (formally known in the United States as the Washington–Moscow Direct Communications Link Russian: Горячая линия Вашингтон – Москва, tr. (left) and the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia (right), the two facilities linked by the hotline. The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
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